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Livingston is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 29,366,〔〔〔〔 reflecting an increase of 1,975 (+7.2%) from the 27,391 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 782 (+2.9%) from the 26,609 counted in the 1990 Census.〔(Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010 ), New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed July 18, 2012.〕 Livingston was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 5, 1813, from portions of Caldwell Township (now Fairfield Township) and Springfield Township (now in Union County, New Jersey). Portions of the township were taken to form Fairmount (March 11, 1862, now part of West Orange) and Roseland (March 10, 1908).〔Snyder, John P. (''The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968'' ), Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 128. Accessed July 18, 2012.〕 The township was named for William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey; his family's coat of arms serves as the township's seal.〔(About Livingston ). Accessed March 9, 2007.〕〔Hutchinson, Viola L. (''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names'' ), New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 3, 2015.〕 ==History== Livingston's history dates back to 1699 when 101 Newark settlers wanted to move westward. They set up a committee to negotiate from Lenni Lenape Native Americans for the purchase of the Horseneck Tract which today includes Livingston and eight other municipalities to the north. Between 1698 and 1702, the rules for property ownership were unclear. There were many disputes between settlers and the English proprietors. For some unknown reasons, the Newark settlers did not obtain a grant from the proprietors before negotiating with the natives. They finally obtained the deed directly from Lenni Lenape in 1702 for £130. The settlements began until around the 1740s as the dispute between the proprietors and the settlers continued.〔James Hoyt, (The Mountain society:" a history of the First Presbyterian Church, Orange, N. J. ), ''New York, C. M. Saxton, Barker'', 1860, p.43〕 The dispute came to a breaking point in September 1745 when the East Jersey proprietors began to evict a settler only six months after a house fire in Newark completely destroyed the original deed, which was the only evidence of the purchase.〔Max K. Vorwerk, (A History of the Horseneck Riots ), ''Caldwell Bicentennial Committee, Caldwell, NJ'', 1948〕 During that period, William Livingston who was one of the few landed aristocrats joined the settlers against the proprietors. Livingston owned land around today's south western corner of the Township of Livingston. His land, like other settlers, was levied with quit rents in the amount 40 shillings per acre. He defended many settlers who were jailed for refusing to pay the quit rents.〔Livingston Township's Namesake: William Livingston, First Governor of New Jersey, ''West Essex Tribune'', August 25, 2011, p.B-8〕 This series of events caused the settlers, led by Timothy Meeker, to form a group to riot against the British government. The Horseneck Riots lasted for 10 years from 1745 to 1755. The group was also one of the first colonial militia which had periodic battles for 32 years leading up to the Revolutionary War as the group joined the Continental Army in 1776.〔A Brief History Of Livingston, New Jersey, ''West Essex Tribune'', August 27, 2009, p.A-10〕 After the Revolutionary War, more permanent settlements took place with the first school built in 1783. In 1811, a petition was filed to incorporate the township from about 100 people who lived in seven distinct areas: Centerville (separated to become Roseland, in 1908), Cheapside (now Livingston Mall), Morehousetown (now Livingston Circle), Northfield (now Northfield Center), Squiretown (now the Cerebral Palsy Institute of New Jersey on Old Road), Teedtown (now Livingston Center), and Washington Place (now near the border with Millburn). On February 5, 1813, the township was officially incorporated. The first town meeting was held on the same day and they decided to run the township by a Township Committee system. During the 1800s, lumber and farming were major industries in the town. Shoemaking and dairy became major industries during and after the Civil War respectively. However, the population grew slowly because it was not easily accessible. Mt. Pleasant Avenue – which was one of the first turnpikes in New Jersey – was the only primary access to the town through stagecoaches. The population grew quickly after the 1920s when automobiles became more accessible. As a suburb of Newark, the town experienced many housing developments especially after World War II with its peak in 1970 of more than thirty thousand residents. During this growth period, many services were organized including volunteer Fire Department in 1922, first regular Livingstone Police chief in 1929, a Planning Commission in 1930, two hospitals opened in 1959 and 1960, new public library in 1961, and new municipal complex in 1963. The last surviving Harrison Cider Apple tree, the most famous of the 18th century Newark cider apples〔Coxe, William, Jr. (''A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees and the Management of Orchards and Cider'' ), M. Carey and son, 1817. Accessed September 3, 2015.〕 was rescued from extinction in 1976 in Livingston.〔McManus, Fran. ("Lost & Found; The rise, fall and rebirth of the Harrison cider apple" ), ''Edible Jersey'', Fall 2010. Accessed August 5, 2013. "In September 1976, Paul Gidez, an orchardist and fruit collector from Vermont, came to Essex County to search for the Harrison apple. Stopping at a bagel shop, he asked if there were any old cider mills in the area. He was directed to Nettie Ochs Cider Mill in Livingston, where he found a large Harrison tree that, according to the owner, had been planted around the turn of the century."〕 Today, around 28,000 people live in this suburban community, which lies around an hour from New York City. Its school system, which had last been nationally recognized in 1998, and other programs have been drawing new residents to the town. Its population has maintained a level of diversity while the residents continue the tradition of community volunteerism.〔〔(Livingston History ), Township of Livingston. Accessed August 28, 2009.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Livingston, New Jersey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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